B.Com English Essays

Cash Crops of Pakistan

(For B.Com By Sohail Anjum)

Outline

1. Introduction.

2.Cotton, rice, oil seeds and fruit, are the major cash crops of

Pakistan.

3. Cotton is the silver fiber of cash crops.

4. Rice of Pakistan is liked much in the foreign countries.

5.The world's famous Tobacco Virginia is cultivated in

Peshawar.

6. The fruit of Pakistan are famous all over the world. .

7.Government should supply agricultural machinery, seeds

and interest-free loans to the farmers,,

8. Conclusion

  Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 70% of its population depends upon agriculture. A huge number of its people are living in villages. These villagers are working in fields. They are producing two types of crops-food crops and non-food crops. The non-food crops are cash crops. Cash crops mean those crops which earn foreign exchange for our country. The major cash crops of Pakistan are cotton, rice, tobacco, fruits and oil seeds. These crops are exported to foreign countries. With the help of cash crops, the country has been earning huge foreign exchange. These cash crops have become flourishing business for the people of Pakistan. The cash crops of Pakistan are grown in almost all provinces of Pakistan. The farmers grow them willingly.

     Cotton is one of the major cash crops which is grown in the fertile lands of Sindh and Punjab. It is the flourishing crop which gives a huge foreign exchange to our country. The government helps the farmers by providing them pesticides and other chemicals to save the crop from the severe attack of dangerous insects and diseases. The government provides high quality seeds to the farmers and guides them about how to grow the crop of cotton scientifically. Cotton is expose in few  countries, it is called the silver fiber. Most of our textile industries depend upon the productions of cotton.

Rice is another productive crop of Pakistan. The rice of Pakistan is liked in the foreign countries. It earns a considerable foreign exchange for the country. This crop needs a huge amount of water for its harvest. It is grown in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab. It has many kinds. Normally, it needs a hard soil to grow. Our farmers grow this crop a Sot.

Tobacco is one of the major crops of Pakistan. Its leaves are called the golden leaves. This crop needs soft surface. It is cultivated throughout Pakistan. However, the NWFP is famous for this crop. The northern areas of NWFP like Mansehra, Abbottabad and Swabi districts are favourable places for its cultivation. The world's famous Tobacco called Virginia Tobacco is grown in Peshawar, Swabi and Mansehra. The Tobacco industry is earning a huge foreign exchange, It is exported to European countries as well.

farmers to upgrade the cash crops. Tube wells and canal system should be easily available to the farmers to water the plants well in time. The farmers should be guided and trained in the modern agricultural techniques. They should be provided all facilities in the villages, so that they may pay full attention to their fields and crops.

inflation

Outline

1. Introduction.

2. Inflation has gripped the entire world.
3. High inflation has disturbed the life of poor people.
4. Over population is one of the causes of inflation.
5. Purchase of expensive armed weapons causes inflation.

6.The industrial system and poor agriculture should be

improved.

7.Storage of goods by the industrialists and businessmen

should be banned.

8.Conclusion.

The rise in the prices of the daily commodities is called inflation. Inflation means to gain a few items by big money. Inflation is one of the»biggest problems faced by the entire world. Even the well-developed nations are in the grip of inflation. However, Pakistan, which is an under developed

country is facing inflation problem very seriously. The prices of the daily use items are increasing

regularly. It is creating huge and hard problems to almost all the people.

Majority of our population is poor. They work in the fields, factories, industries or in the offices. All these people are living hand to mouth. They draw meagre salaries. They do not have extra resources to meet their needs. They are facing the hard situation of life. That is the reason that all members of the society are working hard to pull the cart of their life. Inflation has created adverse effects on the society. Ours is a joint family system. Each family, approximately consists of seven to ten members. To fulfill the desires and needs of all members of the family, the working hands are compelled to adopt any other means to earn livelihood. In this way, crimes, looting, killing and corruption are increasing day by day. The government employees are forced to accept bribes and misuse their powers. Injustice, cruelty and dishonour are prevailing in the society.

Our country lacks industries, mills and factories. We have to purchase many items from foreign countries. In some fields, we have established our own industries, but we are lack of raw materials, which we have to purchase from foreign countries. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Alas! This sector is not given proper attention. We have to purchase wheat, corn and sugar

from our neighbouring countries. It causes high inflation. The frequent elections and instability in the government policies are wasting a huge amount of national money. The projects are almost short termed, left incomplete and in this way the nation faces high inflation. To meet the deficit of the budget, the government prints new currency notes. When the money comes in abundance, the rich people waste it purchasing things for high prices. In this way the inflation rises. Sometimes the businessmen and the industrialists rise the prices of the things to earn a huge profit. In the same way, the government, sometimes imposes high taxes on some items, which causes for the high inflation and high prices. Our population is very huge. A large number of people needs abundance of things. This situation creates high inflation.

Pakistan is an under developed country. It cannot face high inflation. It is, therefore, necessary to develope the economy, multiply the industrial sector, and to pay full attention to the agriculture to improve the yield per acre. The government should spread a network of technical educational institutions to produce professionals and skilful graduates. Each and everybody should be given equal rights and the rich people should be stopped to cross the limits of wealth.

The Dignity Of Labour

By Labour we generally mean manual work that is work done with the hands as distinguished from mental work or work done with the head. In ancient times manual labor was looked down upon and the manual worker was treated as an inferior being. Most ancient states were based upon slave labor. Even the Greek citizens who devoted themselves to the higher slaves and yet it was ancient Greek that taught the world the lessons of political liberty and self government. In modern times slavery has been abolished by all civilized countries. Yet a hundred years ago slavery still existed as a recognized institution.
Manual labour is recognized today at least in theory as being worthy of free citizens and no stigma attaches to a man because he works with his hands rather than with his head. And yet the leisured classes still look down on the working classes. And many a young man of the middle class would rather wear a black coat and sit on an officer still at a paltry salary than soil his hands and earn double the money as an artisan.
This contempt of manual labour is absurd and wrong and the distinction between manual and mental work is misleading. All manual work even so called unskilled labour requires some thought and the skilled work of the engineer the carpenter and the builder and the potter is really as much mental as manual. It takes more intelligence to be an expert electrician or even a mason than to be an officer clerk copying letters all day.
But what we have still to learn is that honest work of all kinds is dignified and worthy of respect. In Pakistan even the humble sweeper who does unpleasant and absolutely necessary work ought to be respected instead of being regarded with contempt and thrust down into the lowest caste. The only things we should be ashamed of are idleness and trying to live by one's wits without labour. Work is worship and to work is to pray. We should take off our hats to honest toil and honour the honest workman.

The Importance of Commerce Education

(For B.Com By Sohail Anjum)

Outline

1. Introduction.

2. Material prosperity depends upon commerce education.

3.The modern business and trade are complex and

complicated.

4.Commerce education trains the students to understand the

modern business.

5.A commerce graduate keeps "his eyes on the market and

the customers.
6. A commerce graduate administers the business well.
7. it makes the individuals self-sufficient and independent.
8. Commerce education strengthens the economy.

9. Conclusion.

The modern world is very fast and complicated. It is a world of commerce and business. Every country tries its level best to have frequent trade and commercial dealings with other countries to improve its economy. The prosperity and the growth of economy of a nation depends upon its business, trade and commerce and highly developed industries. In the past, the business and other commercial dealings were easy, but the high growth rate of population and development of all the nations have made the trade and business very complicated and hard. The modern business requires highly trained and skilful young men. This requirement has given due importance to commerce education.

The main objectives of the commerce education are to train and to educate our youth to manage the highly complicated modern business, and to get the desired results from the trade. Commerce education means to enable our youth to compete in the modern business and to pace with the modern world. The commerce education gives pragmatic approach of the modern economics and industry. The commerce education enables the youth to understand and judge the various trends of trade and business of the modern world.

A commerce graduate keeps his eyes on profit and loss, the rise and fall in the business and the demand of the modern time. He knows well how to deal with the customers. He can advertise the items and commodities of his company and the country well.

A well-organized company needs a well-educated manager. A commerce graduate manages his company well according to the needs of the hour. He judges well and makes a good forecast of the future. He attracts the foreign companies and customers easily. The commerce education trains the youth in the fields of costing, income tax practice and sales tax practice. The commerce education makes the individuals independent and self-sufficient. They earn their livelihood by themselves. Commerce education enables them well aware about the. challenges of the modern times. After completing the commerce education, it becomes easy for them to choose a right career, of their choice. They reach their destination easily and gain their goals.

The commerce education has become a pressing need of the modern times. The development of a nation is measured with its strong economy. If the economy of a nation is strong and well built, that nation is honoured and liked in the entire world. All the nations of the world desire to. have trade and business with, that nation. If the economy of a nation is weak and poor, that nation is left behind in the entire world. It means, that the progress of a nation depends upon economy and a well-set economy is possible only when it is managed by commerce graduates. Keeping in view the importance, of  commerce and commercial education, the government has established many commercial institutions. These institutions are training the boys and girls in commerce education.

The Role of Banks in Economic Development

Outline

1. Introduction and history of banking.
2. The start of the money lending system.
3. Meaning of the term "bank".
4. Interest system in the banks.
5. The banks conduct sale and purchase for the customers.
6. Commercial banks give loan to the customers.

7.On-line banking and ATM system are the wonders of the banks.

8. Islamic view of interest-free banking system.

Bank is an institution which conducts transactions of money. The people deposit their money in the safe custody of banks. The transaction of money in the banks is conducted through account numbers. The origin of banking can be traced in the history. It is believed that the Babylonians used their temples as banks 2000 B.C. ago and the priests acted as bankers. With the passage of time the Greeks and the Romans organized private banks in such a way that the public had full confidence in them. They followed proper rules and regulations. As the time passed, trade and commerce started expanding and the money lenders organized themselves.

Originally, the money lenders used to lend their own money but then they started lending money of other people which had been entrusted to them. This was the start of depositing money into the banks and the banking system. The Goldsmith had built vaults and strong rooms to save their money and other possessions. The common public entrusted their money to the Goldsmith for the safe custody. The public seldom wanted to withdraw all their savingsat one time. In this way, the bankers and the Goldsmith used to lend that money to other people. They kept a percentage of the deposits to meet day to day withdrawals and lent out the rest on interest. Next, the bankers began to lend t h e i r own currency notes. Later on, these currency notes were replaced by cheques.

The word Bank, which is derived from the Latin word Banco, means a bench upon which the early bankers used to transact their business in the market place. The word Bank may mean the joint stock fund. The modern banking system is a huge organization. Usually six banking structures work in a country. These are the State Bank, Commercial Banks, Saving Banks, Co- Operative Banks, Exchange Banks and Specialized' Financial Institution.

The Banks play various functions. They accept deposits of the public. The people deposit their

money in banks for security purposes. This money is used by the government for various developmental projects. The government gives interest to the people for their deposited money. This is the oldest banking form and function. All Commercial Banks act as agents for payment. They allow their customers to have current accounts on which they can with draw money from the bank by cheque system. The State Bank, which is the sole authority, issues currency notes. The public uses these currency notes in various business and earns profit. Sometimes, these new currency notes cause inflation. The banks lend money to the customers. It is a profitable business for the bank. The banks receive due interest and mark up for the loan given to the customers. The people use the money of the banks and invest it in various types of business. They pay interest as well 3S tax for the money to the government.

The banks act as agents for the customers. They conduct

commercial transactions. For example, the banks purchase cars and other vehicles for the customers. The people return the money with full interest to the* bank in various instalments. Similarly, the banks allow credit cards to the customers. The customers purchase various items and the money is paid through the credit card, In this way, the banks earn money for the government through interest system. The banks issue bank drafts and traveller cheques. In this way the money of the people is saved. The banks also accept payments of insurance premiums, electricity, telephone and gas bills etc.

The commercial banks provide loans to farmers, industrialists, traders and businessmen. These people flourish their businesses with the money given by banks and as a result, they provide an increase in national output, employment and per capita income. The banks have provided on-line banking facility to the customers. There is ATM facility which has enabled us to withdraw money from the banks round the clock. The banks help the customers in doing export and import trade. The banks have facilitated the purchase and sale of foreign currencies.

Modern banking is based on interest. Interest is strictly forbidden in Islam. Those scholars, who are expert both in Islamic economic system and modern economic system, have given many practicable suggestions to launch interest-free banking. Islam is not against banking, but it is against the interest because interest is producing accumulation of wealth in few hands. For the sake of wide and real circulation of wealth, interest-free banking is essential. According to the Islamic concept of Economics, we have the-best interest-free Banking system, and the authorities must implement it.

Unemployment

By Sohail Anjum

Outline

1. Introduction.

2.Unemployment is destroying the youth.

3.Unemployment is a problem faced even by the

professionals.

4.Over population has increased unemployment.

5.Lack of industries, factories and mills.

.Long tenure of employment and entry of retired people into

other jobs.

7.Poor agricultural system.

8.Lack of technical and commercial education.

9. Conclusion.

When a person is not engaged in any kind of work to earn his livelihood, such a state of life is called unemployment. Unemployment is one of the serious and grave problems of the entire world. Unemployment has not only disturbed and confused the third world countries, but it has also gripped the West where the people are highly skilled, educated and progressive. A huge population of the world is unemployed. However, Pakistan is facing the critical state of unemployment.

Pakistan is an under developed country. It has been trying its level best to overcome this problem of unemployment, but unfortunately the problem of unemployment is increasing day by day. The youth are the future-builders of our nation and the fate of the country will come in their hands in the days to come. Alas! The youth, due to joblessness Ere becoming criminals and rascals. They are being wasted. These unemployed youths are looting, robbing and stealing the things to meet their needs. Most of the unemployed youths have associated with the gangsters, extremists and terrorists, who exploit them for their own benefits. Apart from these factors, there are countless educated people, holding Master degrees and most of them are

professionals like doctors, engineers and computer specialists, but they are jobless and

unemployed.

There are many factors responsible for the unemployment. The first and foremost is over population. Our population is very huge and gigantic, while the resources are meager. The population is increasing rapidly, but the resources are not multiplying at the same speed. On the other hand, the government cannot provide so many jobs to such a huge population. Education is the birth right of all of us. All parents desire to educate their children. As a result, the universities are producing innumerable graduates every year. On the other hand, the government cannot give so many jobs to all the people.

Unfortunately, the money of the national treasure is accumulated in the hands of a few people. They deposit this money either in banks or homes or waste it on unnecessary pomp ad show. They are not ready to invest this huge money in productive businesses like establishing factories, industries and mills. Similarly most of our politicians have stored the national money in the foreign banks and so the government does not have sources to employ the huge number of youths. The government cannot establish new projects to wash off the spot of unemployment.

The tenure for job and service is long. The people who are serving in government offices are not ready to retire from the job. They are old and weak and cannot serve well. They get extension of tenure for their jobs. If by any means, these old employees retire from one office, they enter other jobs. In this way the chances for the young people are snatched and they are left unemployed. Similarly, there is a quota system in all departments. The son, whether deserves or not, is supposed to succeed his father. In this way the right of intelligent people is snatched and they are deprived of justice and employment.

Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 70 % of its

population depends upon agriculture, but unfortunately, this sector is left untouched. If agriculture is given proper attention, the problem of unemployment would be solved considerably. The education system of our country is not pacing with the modern world. It is not challenging and productive. It is based on theoretical approach. The practical approach is absent in it. The youth have Master degrees in their hands, but they cannot utilize their knowledge practically. There should be professional, technical, industrial 'and commercial education. The youth should be trained in proper skills and arts so that they may depend on themselves in the future.

Unemployment has disturbed the entire world. However, it can be controlled. The government and the private sector should establish industries, factories and mills. The educated youth should be given interest-free loans to establish businesses of their own. The universities should produce professionals. People, retired from any job should be banned to work on any other post. The merit system -should be implemented and corruption should be avoided by all means.